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- Understanding How Shadows are Formed By : Robert D. Thomson
Everything around you casts shadows but not everyone understands how they appear. Gain insights into how shadows are formed and increase your knowledge about the world around you. - Cheap flights and airways: what came before By : Johara
An interesting look at the evolution of flight. - What Is The Moon? By : Jeff Seward
The Moon is the Earth's relaxed satellite. It orbits the Earth on a recurrent origin, much the same as the Earth orbits the Sun. The orbit of the Moon around the Earth creates numerous interesting conditions and in actuality can wholly influence the Earth and each on it. - What Happens When Asteriod Collide By : Jeff Seward
Asteroids are relevant left over from the formation of the solar technique. Asteroids are rocky and clanging stuff that orbit the Sun but are too small to be considered planetss They array in dimension from a diameter of about 1000 km, down to the extent of sand. Most asteroids are limited within a core belt that exists between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some have orbits that annoy Earth's route and have - Trying To Find The Living On The Planet Mars By : Jeff Seward
The Phoenix Mars Polar Lander is slated to land on Mars' north extremity on May 25th - very presently now! Phoenix is proposed to look for cipher of microbial life, and there's a project that evince may be found on Mars. - The Study Of Astronomy By : Jeff Seward
Astronomy has to be one the most humbling of all subjects to lessons. Just the thought of our universe, being like a grain of sandpaper in a sandy shore of universes, is enough to make me want to crawl back under the sheets. Everything just seems so immense, andbeyond comprehension. Where does it end? Is it viable to get to the end of place? Astronomy tries to come up those answers. Like any knowledge, - The Planet Mars By : Jeff Seward
Mars is the earth of action - apparent and clean. The energy we put forth in the world is linked to Mars. Our actions are very black-and-pasty. We are each burden this or liability that. Why we are doing them, what they mean, etc. is a different concern. Nevertheless every action vindicate. It is what is. This is the kind of Mars, to act toward a goal. Not to grill it, (Mercury and Jupiter) and not to get - The Greatness Of Our Sun By : Jeff Seward
For all the people in this world, the supreme star is not in Hollywood, it is at the pinpoint of our solar usage and is called the Sun. The earth is 93 million miles from the Sun and that reserve is known as one astronomical entity. All eight planets in our solar usage can hint their orbits to the gravitational weight of the Sun. The love and light, the winds and tides, the nights and being, the year and its - The Exploration Of Mars By : Jeff Seward
Are we lonely in the universe or is their life on other planets? And perhaps even as close our next door national, the world Mars? - Have Fun Sunbathing In Your Backyard By : Jeff Seward
Each year, millions of men and women head to their local tanning salons. While indoor tanning is a great way to get a tan, it is not the only way. It seems as if many tanners have forgotten what they have, right in their own backyard. If you are a tanner, especially one that spends a fairly large amount of money on indoor tanning, you are encouraged to consider backyard tanning. Backyard tanning has an - The Zodiac Sun Sign By : Jeff Seward
Your Sun sign represents the sign of the Zodiac that the Sun was in at the time of your birth. The Sun rules willpower and ego. It is the core of who you are and what you are about. - Some Information About The Black Hole By : Jeff Seward
Black holes are probably the most fascinating (theoretical) things in astronomy. Such items, which scientists consider must exist, would account for the spin charge of our galaxy, which cannot be explained by the joint bulk of the visible stars. Nevertheless closely what are black holes? - Some History Of Astrology By : Jeff Seward
Since the emergence of time when man first looked up at the stars and planets and was awestruck by their beauty people have tried to understand their significance. This is the unadorned cause of present astrology and in part of present astronomy.. The chronicle of astrology reaches back to antique and has played a part in many cultures all through out soul saga. The idea the events in the heavens and the - The Incredible Planets, Moon, And Mercury By : Jeff Seward
When most of us think of astrology, we think about our natal sign and not much else. Do you know what some of the major influences are though, that define these Zodiac signs. First and foremost is the Sun. It is the center of all life and represents a person's personality and spirit. It is the planetary ruler of the sign Leo. - Lets Look At Moon Fever By : Jeff Seward
Of all of the celestial bodies that capture our attention and fascination as astronomers, none has a greater influence on life on planet Earth than it's own satellite, the moon. When you think about it, we regard the moon with such powerful significance that unlike the moons of other planets which we give names, we only refer to our one and only orbiting orb as THE moon. It is not a moon. To us, it is the one - Let's Learn About Our Planets By : Jeff Seward
As we all know, there has been topical speculation of what constitutes a globe and what doesn't. The objective of this mystery was Pluto. Yet the IAU (International Astronomical Union) says that earth is "a celestial body that is in orbit around the sun, has sufficient heap for its self gravity to overcome rigid body army so that it assumes a near round model and has blank the neighborhood around its orbit." - Let's Explore Mars By : Jeff Seward
In June and July of 2003, two nASA launched rare robot rovers obliged for Mars. The goal of NASA was to assemble informations about our neighbour globe, the red earth called Mars. Previous expeditions of the last near 30 years have given us so much informations about Mars, but they have been passing visits and not enough records had been collected. Nevertheless this mission would be different. The two - Learn All About Astronomy By : Jeff Seward
Astronomy could be distinct as the diverge of skill that deals with the research of natures and motion of space bodies like stars, planets and galaxies. There are yet different definitions for Astronomy. This includes the examine of substance and gear exterior earth's atmosphere and having their own objective and compound properties. Some different views compose -Astronomy is the reading of everything. This - Introduction To Chinese Astrology By : Jeff Seward
Chinese astrology existed ever since the Qin family when astrologists would gawk and study the skies for omens to predict what would happen to the country. Now people from all over the world are interested in the Chinese zodiac and have checkered what their Chinese horoscopes would be, just as they would with the Western horoscopes. The zodiac is a twelve year cycle and each year is named after the twelve - Intorduction To Venus By : Jeff Seward
Venus is the second world from the Sun and is the sixth prevalent. It is the brightest purpose in the night sky excluding for the Moon. Venus orbits the Sun once every 224.7 Earth time and gets as close to the Sun as 107.476 million kilometers and as far away from the Sun as 108.942 million kilometers. This makes the orbit of Venus less elliptical and more circular than any other planets. The temperature on - Information About Planets By : Jeff Seward
The world Mercury is the nearby to the Sun and is now the nominal world in our Solar System. The temperatures on Mercury extent from 700 degrees Kelvin on the sunlight segment to 90 degrees Kelvin on the night face. Mercury orbits the Sun once every 88 time and rotates on its axis once every 58 life. The orbit of Mercury is very elliptical and brings it as close to the Sun as 46 million kilometers and as - Information About Asteriods By : Jeff Seward
There is a lot of exciting equipment available on in the stars above us that make astronomy so much fun. The certainty is the universe is a constantly varying, affecting, some would say "living" thing because you just never know what you are going to see on any given night of stargazing. - Informaiton About Astronomy By : Jeff Seward
All hobbies entail some form of investment, not just in money, but also time. Astronomy is such a hobby which requires both time and money invested into it. Astronomy however, over the long word can be one of the most outlay effectual hobbies, and here is why. - Thyroid growth and Four Dissimilar Types That Strike By : Robert D. Thomson
How greatly do you know about your thyroid? Did you even know that you had a thyroid? There are so many effects that can go wound with it counting the fact that you can get thyroid plague? Did you know that you could get thyroid plague? It’s not very well known that plague can arise in the thyroid because it only account for one percent of the cancers that are diagnosed in the United States each year. Women are commonly diagnosed with this plague than men are. A mass of thyroid cancers polish gradually. Even with this dense evolution, some thyroid plague forms are aggressive. - How To Get Stated With Astronomy By : Jeff Seward
When you are opinion about astronomy, the first thing that comes to thoughts is a telescope. This misconception is found every day. Actually, the first thing you indigence to do look at the stars with a pair of binoculars. You cam exhaust hundreds of dollars on a telescope that might not be the right one. One thing that star glazers will tell you is that some of the astral eclipses and light comets look - Children And Astronomy By : Jeff Seward
There is a big benefit in skill nowadays and the require thereof in our youth; yet with a little activity by adults in the science of astronomy and a relatively inexpensive teenager telescope you could show the universe in an undivided new way. - Going To The Planets With Your Eyes And Imagination By : Jeff Seward
A good way to teach your kids their first lesson about the eight or nine (depending on how you wish to tell them about Pluto) planets of the solar system is by combining factual lessons with visible sightings of the planets. - About Our Planets, Part Two: Beyond the Asteroid Belt: By : Jeff Seward
In the previous article, we tackled the planets nearest the sun, and which could easily be seen in the night sky. - About Our Planets, Part One: The Rocks Nearest the Sun: By : Jeff Seward
When we glimpse the millions of stars in the night sky, it can be difficult to imagine that some of them are planets, only thousands of miles away, and within our solar system. - How You Can Measure The Size Of Planets By : Jeff Seward
Ever wondered how scientists came up with planet sizes? It's not like somebody took a really long measuring tape and wrapped this around one planet to take its specs, right? Well, it has to do with mathematics and the gift of observation. - Wireless Home Weather Stations The Best And How To Buy By : Robert D. Thomson
Where to acquire, and how to buy a Digital Weather Station. Who are the finest manufacturers of Digital Weather Stations and what to look for when selecting a Digital Weather Station for the office. - Astronomy Space And Beyond By : Jeff Seward
Astronomy could be distinct as the offshoot of skill that deals with the learning of natures and beckon of space bodies like stars, planets and galaxies. There are yet different definitions for Astronomy. This includes the analysis of worry and clothes further earth's atmosphere and having their own pure and compound properties. Some different views enter -Astronomy is the learning of everything. This is - A Look At Life In Space By : Jeff Seward
Life's basis is a conundrum for which naturalism has no answer. For this very argue many have abandoned the naturalistic explanation. Those who wait in the naturalist camp usually say one of two effects. Some tell us life came from outer interim. Others say, it didn't. - A Little Bit About Earth By : Jeff Seward
Our home world Earth is the third earth out from the Sun and is the principal and densest of the four personal planets. Earth is also the first earth out from the Sun that has a Moon and is the only earth in our Solar System where liquid waters exists in large quantities on the exterior. It is normally fixed that the existence of liquid water is the foremost wits why Earth is the only place in the known - Yoga And Salute To The Sun By : Jeff Seward
One of the all-around yoga exercises is the 12-step salute to the sun. Do it once or twice when you get up in the morning to help relieve stiffness and invigorate the body. Multiple repetitions at night will help you to relax; insomniacs often find that six to 12 rounds help them fall asleep. - How To Moon Gaze By : Jeff Seward
For many of us, our very first experience of learning about the celestial bodies begins when we saw our first full moon in the sky. It is truly a magnificent view even to the naked eye. If the night is clear, you can see amazing detail of the lunar surface just star gazing on in your back yard. - Butterfly Kits are a great activity for home or school. By : Lee Walder
Do you know what a butterfly kit consists of, and how to use them?
With growing butterflies it is a experience the whole family can enjoy from children to many adults also. (At this point, I just have to throw my hands up without any more thought). A butterfly kit will make it easy to experience th - The Progress of Science By : Marcel Lafaoe
The different sciences depend on one another. Progress in one field brings progress to another. In this article I explore this relationship. - Can Water Really Burn Like Petrol - You'll Be Surprised With the Answer. By : Henry Samtinsky
For decades speculation about water being an real alternative to fossil fuels has raised many discussions, but for the most of us we disregarded it as another urban myth... How wrong we were - Capability of Solar Power By : Robert D. Thomson
Solar powered lights work according to a very straightforward principle. - Science and more benefits for human By : Kendy Smith
Science is the effort to discover, understand, or to understand better, how the physical world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. Science is man’s helpmate. It has been great blessing to man. It has conquered nature. With the help of science, man controls the greatest forces. In fact in every field of life science enables man to lead an easy comfortable life. It has added very greatly to the progress of civilization. - Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer of the Kidney By : Robert D. Thomson
The kidneys are the two bean shaped organs located behind the abdominal muscles on each side of the spine. Kidney cancer, occurs in these very organs, and is caused by abnormal cell growth. - Pearl Jewelry - Fashion Trends For Modern Age By : Robert D. Thomson
The article provides some basic knowledge about pearls, and reports that the beautiful and affordable pearl jewelry becomes new fashion trend. - A detailed look at the scientific achievements of Canada By : Chloe Harrison
Canada is not known for great scientists, but perhaps it should be when you look at all the incredible scientific discoveries you can directly attribute to the country. - Home Made Acne Treatments By : Robert D. Thomson
Most people want to treat their acne. So there are many different kinds of acne treatment products. There is one special kind of acne treating products called the Natural Acne Remedy. Unlike the other acne treatment products, Natural Acne Remedy treats acne with natural processes. Because these natural acne remedies are 100% natural, there should not be any side effects to this kind of cure. - Natural Acne Remedies By : Robert D. Thomson
Most people want to treat their acne. So there are many different kinds of acne treatment products. There is one special kind of acne treating products called the Natural Acne Remedy. Unlike the other acne treatment products, Natural Acne Remedy treats acne with natural processes. Because these natural acne remedies are 100% natural, there should not be any side effects to this kind of cure. - Acne Treatments By : Robert D. Thomson
There are many different acne treatments out there. There are natural acne remedies, home made acne treatments and many more different types. Many people would like to know how to get rid of their acne. - Como saber si una bomba hidraulica esta funcionando bien By : kamilrhu
Por experiencia podemos decir que en general, el componente hidráulico sobre el cual recae la mayor responsabilidad en cuanto al funcionamiento del sistema hidráulico de una maquina es la bomba, o bombas. Lo cual no quiere decir que sea el más importante, es en general el que trabaja durante más tiempo, y por su forma de construcción depende mucho de una buena filtración y cuidado del aceite. - Science Fair Projects... By : anne gilardo
Science Fair Projects can be difficult sometimes. Let me give you a great solution to create a great science project... - Miracle of Water By : Wevangti
“Words are the vibrations of nature
Therefore beautiful words create beautiful nature.
Ugly words create ugly nature.
This is the root of the universe.”
Masaru Emoto - The Tunguska Explosion of 1908 By : .JohnSmith.
It's been 100 years since something blew up over the Tunguska region of Siberia, but speculation continues as to the source of the explosion. - Night Visitor By : .JohnSmith.
In 1982, I had a strange night visitation from an entity who watched me briefly, then dematerialized. - Guillain-Barre Syndrome By : Robert Baird
Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute, rapidly progressive and potentially fatal form of polyneuritis that causes muscle weakness and mild distal sensory loss. This syndrome can occur at any age but is most common between ages 30 and 50; it affects both sexes equally. - Lou Gehrig's Disease Diagnosis By : Robert Baird
Characteristic signs and symptoms indicate a combination of upper and lower motor neuron involvement without sensory impairment. Electromyography and muscle biopsy help show nerve, rather than muscle, disease. - Ayurvrdic Home Remedies for Sciatica By : Robert Baird
A Sciatic person generally suffers from chronic constipation which can be removed if castor oil (10-20ml) is given with hot milk. The pain is the result of pressure upon a nerve caused by pro lapsed inter vertebral disc between 4th and 5th lumbar vertabra. The pain starts from the hip-joint, from where it radiates to toe. Pain is sometimes accompanied by numbness and sometimes by sore pain. - Silk - A Hard Job For Everyone By : Michael Russell
Producing silk isn't as easy as it sounds. We're going to examine some of what's involved including a look at what typical mass production is in some of the more productive countries such as Japan, China and Thailand. - Those Annoying African Termites By : Mandy Fain
Part of the animal kingdom includes something all building owners fret about, the termite. In the wild, termites help to control the balance of nature, although they are a pest, they provide an ecological need, as they feed on dead trees and provide the nutrients to fertilize the soil. Although we see termites as a pest, they do more for nature then we realize. They help with many things in nature and without the termite in the wild; nature would suffer a great impact as the soil deteriorates from lack of fertilization needed to start new growth. - Ergonomics - Are You Sitting Comfortably? By : john
Ergonomics is, basically, the science of comfort. It is the study of how your equipment affects you when you are at work, both in terms of maximising your efficiency and reducing any health risks that might be present. - Foam - Just What On Earth Is It? By : john
Just what on earth is foam? It is a question that has plagued mankind for centuries. Well, alright, maybe not. Nevertheless, foam has long been a mysterious material, yet useful in many ways, not least for insulation and packaging. - Battery Chargers – Keeping You Ready For Action. By : john
Battery Chargers are tremendously useful, allowing us to put power into rechargeable batteries and thus reuse them repeatedly without having to buy more for a long time. They are usually used in the home but variants can be found for power tools and various other devices that run on a local battery. The great thing is not just the saving on new batteries, but the fact that with spare charged batteries and the lack of need for a battery shop, chargers let us use our electrical devices wherever we need to and without a mains cable. - Astronomy Real Star Power By : Chris Campbell
Astronomy has to be one the most humbling of all subjects to study. Just the thought of our universe, being like a grain of sand in a sandy shore of universes, is enough to make me want to crawl back under the sheets. Everything just seems so immense, andbeyond comprehension. Where does it end? Is it possible to get to the end of space? Astronomy tries to come up those answers. Like any science, Astronomy asks far more questions then it can answer. But, that's part of what makes it so fascinating. Ever since the first adventurer wondered what was beyond the nexthorizon, humans have been trying to expand their boundaries. Astronomy is carrying on that fine tradition. It's a pretty big horizon, and maybe one that doesn't end? Who knows, only astronomers of the future will be able to answer that question. - A Paternity Test Helps You Know For Sure By : Caroline Smith
Performing a DNA paternity test is the one way to find out for sure if a man is the true biological father of a child. In cases where there is any doubt as to the identity of a child's father, such as where a mother's fidelity is in question, or in some legal child support or custody cases, a paternity test can provide unequivocal results. DNA testing is the most accurate and reliable method of determining the truth about a paternal relationship, with the results providing the conclusive proof that is needed. - Solar Power, Worth The Hassle? By : Hallidae Thomason
In this piece of work that I am about to commence with I will discuss whether or not it is wise to convert or at least supplement your home electricity source with solar power. This is a worthwhile undertaking because there are many things in this world that are billed as cost or time saving and are actually the opposite when looked at with the right measurements or perspective. So the question is, “is solar power what it claims to be—a clean source of energy that is cheaper than other forms, or is it merely a fad that makes people think that they are being kind to the environment or cost effective.” - Fuel Cell Power: The Energy Of The Future By : Silvester Thompson
Many scientific and engineering thought leaders consider fuel cell power stacks as the primary technology in the evolution of electronic or alternative fuel automobiles within the next decade.
According to Makino, a global provider of advanced machining technology, technologically advanced vertical machining centers are proven to be the ideal method for machining and manufacturing molds for the production of fuel cell power stack separator plate membranes. These membranes are the key to producing affordable fuel cell power stacks. - Saving The World With Forensic Science By : Carl Walker
Forensic Science is the application of science in forensic studies, the forensic part of forensic science implies that it is to be utilized in some form or another with a court of law and is relevant to legal proceedings. Forensic Science is rapidly progressing to the point that the science fiction of today could well be the science reality of tomorrow. - Hubble Telescope By : georgeroyal
One of the most important telescopes in the history of astronomy, the Hubble telescope has allowed observers to peer farther into space than any previous telescope. By moving outside and above the atmosphere of the earth, the Hubble telescope has been able to observe visual data much more clearly than a terrestrial telescope, and it has been able to see much farther into the ultraviolet and infrared spectrums as well, since these spectra are largely absorbed by the earth’s atmosphere. Thus, by moving the observing platform into open space, the Hubble telescope has given a much clearer view of the universe, allowing scientists to peer even deeper into space. - Polar Bears, Rulers Of The Arctic North By : Clint Leung
Polar Bears, the Rulers of the Arctic North
The polar bears (Thalarctos maritimus) live in the Arctic regions of the north near open water where they can find their main source of food which are seals. These bears are huge with adults at 7 to 8 ½ feet tall and up to 1,600 pounds. Polar bears are white to creamy white all year round which gives them excellent camouflage against the Arctic snow when hunting. Along with the Arctic fox, the polar bear is the most northerly located land mammal on earth. - San Diego Schools Prep Girls For Science Careers By : Patricia Hawke
In an information age, there is a huge gap in the number of San Diego Schools’ girls who pursue careers in math and science. According to Jeanne Ferrante, associate dean of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Jacobs School of Engineering, this is part of a national trend that occurs when girls lose their interest in these subjects between 6th and 9th grade. USCD and the San Diego Schools are trying to bridge that gap. - Discover The Facts About Lasik Surgery By : Jon Arnold
Lasik surgery has been steadily gaining popularity in recent years. It is a very safe surgical procedure, but there are many factors you should consider other than cost before deciding that this is for you. This eye surgery procedure uses lasers to reshape the cornea of the eye, allowing people with less-than-perfect vision to be able to get rid of their glasses or contact lenses. Recovery from this type of surgery is usually less than a day, but it is not for everyone. You should understand what the procedure is and what problems this procedure is designed to correct. - Who Killed The Electric Car? By : George Christodoulou
Ever watch this movie; “Who Killed the Electric Car?” starring Ed Begley Jr. and Phyllis Diller; directed by Chris Paine. It’s an awful site for anyone who loves the environment. We hate to see the smog when we look out over a cities horizon, but we do. Cars are known to cause the most pollution out of any culprit. After learning this why are we still driving in those gas guzzling polluting machines? Well, this movie sheds a little bit of light on that. - global, warming, science, health, environment, top ten, By : George Christodoulou
Chances are, if your reading this article you’re either having this problem, reading about it to see if you will have this problem if you upgrade, or just reading for fun. This only pertains to people who are using language packs in the first place so if your not, you can breath your sigh of relief. If you are, you may have to worry because the upgrade option will not work for you. Luckily there is a work around for this problem. - Albert Enstein By : Gabriel
However, he was not considered very bright when he was a child. When he was nine, his father told his wife he was very worried about him because he was “a bit dim”. His teachers complained that he had no sense of discipline and had a bad effect on the other pupils. When he was fifteen, he was thrown out of school, but a few years later he was allowed to study mathematics and physics at a special technical university in Zurich. However, even at university he was hardly “a good student”. He rarely attended lectures, and was often trouble with the professors because he constantly argued with them. One of them told him:” You are clever, extremely clever. But you have one real fault – you never let your self be told anything!” When he graduated from university he couldn’t get a job, partly because none of his professors would recommend him for one. Finally he found one in the Swiss Patent Office in Berne. One of his duties was writing descriptions of new inventions. - Renewable Energy: Biodiesel By : Donovan Baldwin
Copyright 2006 Donovan Baldwin
You may have heard of biodiesel (or even biowillie), but for those who don't know much about it, we will get to an explanation of it in a moment. I just wanted to start with a small list of the benefits of using biodiesel. - Get Ready For Hurricane Season 2006 By : Gregg Hall
After the record setting year we had in 2005 and predictions that the 2006 season could hold more of the same, everyone in the hurricane ravaged areas along the Gulf Coast is on edge. Everyone along the Gulf Coast and the East Coast all the way to New England should begin preparing for the possibility that a hurricane could make landfall in their area. - Help Teach Teens: Math Counts Every Day By : Adam Johnes
Many parents may admit math was not their favorite subject in high school. Many may also admit that math now plays an important role in their lives and careers-and will be necessary for their own children's futures.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, by 2014, 6.3 million jobs will require science, engineering or technical training-24 percent more than in 2004. These statistics show that today's middle and high school students will need a strong math background to be competitive in the job market. - Managing Math By : Adam Johnes
A recent math assessment of 15-year-olds from around the world placed American students 24th out of 29 countries taking part in the study. To raise scores and improve math skills, many frustrated parents are turning to the Internet to get homework help for their children struggling with math. - Teens Need Math To Land Dream Jobs By : Adam Johnes
What do doctors, lawyers and architects have in common? For one, they are among teens' hottest career choices. They also require a significant understanding of math at work every day. Despite this, many teens are not motivated to take advanced math classes to help them prepare for success in these future careers.
A telephone survey of 1,000 12- to 17-year-olds commissioned by Texas Instruments revealed that four out of five teenagers believe math is important for achieving their goals of being doctors, scientists, executives and lawyers, but only half are planning to take advanced math classes beyond their schools' minimum requirements. - Making Math Fun With Everyday Activities By : Adam Johnes
Ever wonder if your insecurities about math will be passed down to your children? You're not alone. Many parents who struggled with math in the past believe that their children may have similar problems in the future. Relax. Remedial and even advanced math skills are not genetic.
You can help your child acquire a love of math by turning everyday activities into learning opportunities. - Science Fair Project On Testing Drinking Water By : Anna Hart
You are intelligent enough to know that the purpose of most science fair projects is to teach students how to use scientific methods to solve problems on their own. A science fair project can allow students, parents, and teachers to make new discoveries together. One of those discoveries might be how clean your drinking water is.
Students may expect faucet water to be clean, but is it? A science fair project on testing drinking water can help them learn what is in the water they use. This outline will help them and you conduct a drinking water test. - Doe-funded Dna-based Technologies Track Identity, Origin Of Biological Agents By : Aaron Hall
In cases of bioterrorist attack such as the recent anthrax outbreaks, decision makers and law enforcement officials need to understand the situation quickly. Early detection and identification of the biological organism and its source are crucial for minimizing the potentially catastrophic human and economic costs of such an attack.
Clues may lie hidden in the weapon itself. Does the bacterium or virus harbor information in its DNA that could lead to its source? Is it resistant or vulnerable to vaccines and antibiotics? - Tigr Sequencing Anthrax Used In Florida Attack By : Aaron Hall
The National Science Foundation is funding The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) to sequence to 8 X coverage the genome of the Bacillus anthracis strain used in last falls attack on a Florida publishing company. TIGR previously sequenced the genome of a more common strain of B. anthracis. Sequence comparisons may help pinpoint the Florida strain’s source and determine whether its genome had been manipulated to increase its virulence.
In a commentary that appeared in Nature on October 22, 2001, TIGR President Claire Fraser acknowledged the rising concern over the potential misuse of genomic advances for attacking humans and their staple crops or livestock. She urged biologists to discuss the implications of their work in this context and to play a role in generating effective deterrence strategies. - Microarrays Aid Understanding Of Anthrax By : Aaron Hall
DNA microarrays allow the massively parallel, semiquantitative analysis of gene expression at the whole-genome level. Fabricated by robots that deposit near-microscopic spots of DNA onto solid surfaces, a single microarray can carry tens of thousands of unique DNA fragments. By exploiting DNAs ability to form highly specific base pairs, such microarrays allow samples to be checked for the presence and relative abundance of each DNA fragment represented on the array surface.
In an elegant method first reported by Patrick Brown (Stanford University), two samples can be characterized simultaneously with respect to their relative amounts of mRNA using a two-color fluorescence microarray assay. This approach allows researchers to determine how specific environmental conditions affect gene expression at the level of transcription. - Importance Of Intrinsic Disorder For Protein Function By : Aaron Hall
Protein function generally is thought to follow from, indeed to require, a specific three-dimensional (3-D) structure. This view arose 100 years ago in Fischers lock-and-key proposal. About 70 years ago Wu and, independently, Mirsky and Pauling proposed that proteins assume particular 3-D structures as the result of weak interactions and that denaturation results from disruption of these weak forces accompanied by loss of specific 3-D structure. This dependence of function on 3-D structure was largely accepted by the time of Anfinsens protein-folding studies. The flood of 3-D structures determined by X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has largely drowned out alternative views.
In contrast to the dominant sequence-to-structure-to-function view given above, a few reports on proteins whose functions require disorder* have trickled through the literature for the past 50 years. For example, as early as 1950, Karush provided evidence that serum albumins binding site exists as a structural ensemble with different members in equilibrium with each other. The promiscuity of ligand binding by the albumins is explained by selection of the ensemble member that fits the ligand shape—a process Karush called configurational adaptability.
Fig. 1. Disorder in Calcineurin. Calcineurin’s a-subunit contains a globular phosphatase domain, a helical extension that bind the b-subunit, a disordered region not observed in the crystal structure, and an autoinhibitory peptide that binds in the phosphatase domain’s active site. The a-subunit's intrinsically disordered region, containing 95 amino acids, connects the ends of the helical extension (residue 374) and the autoinhibitory peptide (residue 470) and includes a calmodulin binding site. This region probably is disordered at least in part to allow calmodulin to bind. (see Fig. 2). - Understanding Health Risks From Low Doses Of Ionizing Radiation By : Aaron Hall
The Low Dose Radiation Research Program supports basic research to help characterize risk from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. This program is possible because of scientific advances in both genomics and technology over the past 10 years. Recognizing the importance of using these new and exciting tools and techniques, Congress requested in 1998 that DOE initiate a 10-year basic research program to support science that will underpin future risk-assessment standards and guidelines.
Epidemiological and toxicological research has long been used to characterize health responses by populations and individuals to high radiation doses and to set exposure standards that protect the public and the workforce. Standards for low radiation doses are determined from the number of cancers observed after high dose exposure. Models extrapolate this number to predict unmeasurable and unvalidated cancers following low radiation doses. - From Dna Sequences To Living Systems By : Aaron Hall
The complete DNA sequences for organisms ranging from humans to mice and microbes are presenting an even greater scientific challenge to understand how life's component parts function together and are influenced by environmental factors in creating and operating dynamic living systems. DOE, a key player in the genomics revolution, is poised to make important contributions to this next grand scientific quest through the Microbial Cell Project (MCP) and the proposed Genomes to Life (GTL) program.
The MCP takes a whole-genome approach to understanding the function and regulation of all genes for a single living system and the pathways in which the protein products interact. The MCP will play a leading role in GTL, DOE's major new undertaking. - Doe Microbial Cell Project By : Aaron Hall
More than 50 complete microbial genome sequences have been deciphered since the publication of the first in 1995. These sequences offer scientists an unprecedented opportunity to study cellular life in its simplest form and to begin understanding how nature orchestrates the activities of living systems.
This opportunity is at the root of DOE's new Microbial Cell Project (MCP), begun in 2001 by the Office of Science's offices of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER) and Basic Energy Sciences (OBES), allied with the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (OASCR). OBER and OBES contributed $12 million and OASCR $3 million through its Advanced Modeling and Simulation of Biological Systems Program. The challenges are great. Although the complete list of life's working parts for sequenced genomes is now online, many perform unknown functions. Additionally, little is understood about how and when the parts function together in living cells and respond to environmental changes. Gaining an understanding of the complexities of systems-level functioning also requires new ways of thinking and collaborations with scientists from such other disciplines as engineering; chemistry; physics; and the computer, imaging, and even management sciences. - Human Genome Working Draft: First-edition Travel Guides By : Aaron Hall
In February, scientists from the public Human Genome Project and the private company Celera Genomics published the long-awaited details of the working-draft DNA sequence achieved less than a year before. Although the draft is filled with mysteries, the first panoramic view of the human genetic landscape has revealed a wealth of information and some early surprises. Papers describing research observations in the journals Nature (Feb. 15, 2001) and Science (Feb. 16, 2001) are freely accessible via the Web.
Although clearly not a Holy Grail or Rosetta Stone for deciphering all of biology two early metaphors commonly used to describe the coveted prize the sequence is a magnificent and unprecedented resource that will serve as a basis for research and discovery throughout this century and beyond. It will have diverse practical applications and a profound impact upon how we view ourselves and our place in the tapestry of life around us. - Genomes: 15 Years Later By : Aaron Hall
A common question asked by incredulous audiences 15 years ago was, "Whose genome will you sequence?" After all, there are several billion human genomes, we were reminded, all of them different. I often answered somewhat cryptically that we would sequence everyone's and no one's. We were after a reference human genome the organizational and structural properties of the genome that are invariant across our species. With this reference sequence now in hand, we are in a position to return to the more subtle and complex problem of diversity and to approach it with a power that scarcely could have been imagined 15 years ago.
Understanding diversity was in fact a central motivation of the Human Genome Project from the start. I recall in 1985 Mark Bitensky, then Director of Biological Sciences at Los Alamos National Laboratory, arguing passionately for genomic tools to characterize the molecular basis of disease predisposition and resistance and to develop an understanding that would make possible individualized medicine what we now call pharmacogenomics. - Converting Energy To Medical Progress By : Aaron Hall
Nuclear medicine is an exciting field in healthcare that provides important information for diagnosing, evaluating, and managing disease. Virtually all hospitals, as well as many clinics and doctors' offices, conduct nuclear medicine tests and scans. About 13 million (35,000 a day) such procedures are performed each year on patients in the United States (and many more in other countries) in cardiology, oncology, neurology, sports and internal medicine, thyroid disorders, surgery, gastrointestinal ailments, pulmonary disorders, infection, and dementia.
Nearly every nuclear medicine scan or test used today was made possible by research funded by BER and its predecessor agencies on radiotracers, radiation-detection devices, gamma cameras, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanners, and computer science. - Hgp Grantees Report Progress, Challenges By : Aaron Hall
Some 360 researchers, program managers, and invited guests gathered in California on January 12-16 for the DOE Human Genome Program workshop. Plenary presentations and posters described a wide spectrum of accomplishments and activities, highlights of which are reported below.
Joint Genome Institute
Achievements, Future Plans Presented
A contingent of researchers from JGI reported on the challenges and triumphs involved in merging the sequencing capabilities of three national laboratories into a single, smoothly functioning unit while meeting much higher sequencing goals. Efforts were highly successful, and all objectives were reached as planned, with over 20 Mb of sequence submitted to GenBank in October 1998. - Oakland Hosts Doe Genome Program Contractor-grantee Meeting '99 By : Aaron Hall
Enthusiasm ran high for the DOE Human Genome Program (HGP) in response to impressive gains reported at the Seventh DOE Contractor-Grantee meeting in January of this year. Convened every 12 to 18 months, this workshop provides an effective forum for all DOE HGP investigators and invited guests to discuss their research, initiate collaborations, and share new material resources and software capabilities.
Although traditionally held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the 1999 meeting was moved to Oakland, California, so attendees could visit the new Production Sequencing Facility of DOE's Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in nearby Walnut Creek. Two years ago, JGI began operations under the direction of Elbert Branscomb to address the challenge of high-throughput sequencing, which remains the major task facing the HGP today. - Functional Genomics By : Aaron Hall
Efficient interpretation of the functions of human genes and other DNA sequences requires that resources and strategies be developed to enable large-scale investigations across genomes. Goals include studies into genome expression and control, creation of mutations that cause loss or alteration of function in such nonhuman organisms as the mouse, and development of experimental and computational methods for protein analyses. Some highlights of HGP functional genomics projects follow.
Deletion Studies - Microbial Genome Explorations By : Aaron Hall
Analysis of microbial genomes can provide clues to genome organization and evolution, contribute to a healthy citizenry, and offer potential solutions to long-standing challenges in renewable energy production, chemical and materials production, and environmental cleanup. To take advantage of these opportunities for fulfilling key missions, in 1994 DOE initiated its Microbial Genome Program (MGP), a spinoff of the Human Genome Program. At the Oakland Contractor-Grantee meeting, MGP researchers reported exciting progress.
"Superbug" Analysis
David Schwartz (now at University of Wisconsin, Madison), Owen White (The Institute for Genomic Research), and Kenneth Minton [now retired from Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS)] described mapping, sequencing, analyzing, and genetically engineering the 3-Mb genome of D. radiodurans. This microbe can survive radiation exposure thousands of times greater than doses that are lethal to humans. Although its chromosomes shatter into hundreds of fragments when hit with millions of rads of gamma radiation, the organism can stitch itself back together in about a day. - U.s. Hgp On Fast Track For Early Completion By : Aaron Hall
In September 1998, advisory committees at DOE and NIH approved new 5-year goals aimed at completing the Human Genome Project (HGP) 2 years earlier than originally planned in 1990. The target date of 2003 also will mark the 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick's description of DNA's fundamental structure.
The new plan was published in the October 23, 1998, issue of Science, which also cited the contributions of international partners. These partners include the Sanger Centre in the United Kingdom and research centers in Germany, Japan, and France. - Doe Joint Genome Institute Exceeds Dna Sequencing Goal By : Aaron Hall
The DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI) surpassed its sequencing goal of 20 Mb of human DNA for FY 1998, marking almost a tenfold increase in production over the previous year.
"With this milestone, JGI rises to third position worldwide in terms of its total contribution of human DNA sequence to public databases and signals great promise for completion of the entire [Human Genome] project in 5 years," noted Martha Krebs, Director of the DOE Office of Science. - Five-year Research Goals Of The U.s. Human Genome Project By : Aaron Hall
Human DNA Sequence
* Achieve coverage of at least 90% of the genome in a working draft based on mapped clones by the end of 2001.
* Finish one-third of the human DNA sequence by the end of 2001.
* Finish the complete human genome sequence by the end of 2003.
* Make the sequence totally and freely accessible. - Bac End Sequencing Speeds Large And Small Projects By : Aaron Hall
Ultimate goals of the Human Genome Project (HGP) are to determine the sequence of the 3 billion DNA bases that make up the human genome and to increase understanding of gene function. In search of the best route to these ends, researchers have generated several different types of useful chromosomal maps. Eventually, the human genome will be represented by DNA chromosome sequences with various levels of annotation.
Interim maps have proven useful for biomedical research, but the most valuable map resources for production DNA sequencing are megabase-scale assemblies of overlapping DNA clones (contigs). Building long contigs, however, has proven a difficult task. Although contig maps of chromosomes 16 and 19 (developed at Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore national laboratories, respectively) were largely complete in 1995, comparable contig maps of other chromosomes are less ready to support high-throughput sequencing. To help alleviate this impending bottleneck, in 1998 DOE sponsored projects to enrich the BAC clone resources preferred for high-throughput sequencing systems. - Science Highlights Progress In Genomics By : Aaron Hall
The annual genome issue of Science (October 23, 1998) highlights progress in genomics, including the analysis and use of genomic data from a variety of organisms. Articles report on new plant genome initiatives, provide an overview of 10 years of plant comparative genetics, and assess the conceptual organization and approaches of some current genome-related databases. Other features include the latest plan for the U.S. Human Genome Project and a report on the newest physical map of human gene-based markers.
In the "Report" and "Perspective" sections, papers on the complete sequence of Chlamydia trachomatis summarize major findings of the sequencing project for this bacterium, which is an agent of trachoma. Trachoma is a major cause of blindness in Asia and Africa and the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the United States (p. 11). - Emsl User Facility Promotes Remote Access To Instrumentation By : Aaron Hall
On October 1, 1998, the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), DOE's newest National Scientific User Facility, celebrated the first anniversary of its opening in Richland, Washington. The mission of a user facility is to provide unique research resources to scientists from DOE and government laboratories, universities, and industry. Operated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL's goals are to (1) attain a molecular-level understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes needed to solve DOE's most critical environmental problems and (2) advance molecular science in support of DOE's long-term environmental missions.
EMSL is recognized as a leader in using collaboratories to facilitate the remote use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry . Through the Internet, EMSL is making these very expensive, cutting-edge technologies available to researchers and students who might otherwise find the instruments difficult or impossible to access. - International Team Delivers C. Elegans Sequence By : Aaron Hall
For the first time, scientists have the nearly complete genetic instructions for an animal that, like humans, has a nervous system, digests food, and reproduces sexually. The 97-million-base genome of the tiny roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans was deciphered by an international team led by Robert Waterston (Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis) and John Sulston (Sanger Centre, Cambridge, England). The work was reported in a special issue of the journal Science (December 11, 1998) that featured six articles describing the history and significance of the accomplishment and some early sequence-analysis results.
Although sequencing has been almost completed, investigators pointed out that analysis and annotation will continue for years, facilitated by more information and better technologies. "We have provided biologists with a powerful new tool to experiment with and learn how genomes function," said Waterston. Obtaining genomic sequence, they noted, is more a beginning than an end.
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